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The register

TB-500 references: every study cited on this site.

Author, journal, year, and a resolvable link or identifier for each — plus the FDA pages behind the legal-status reading.

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How to read this list

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to a numbered entry below. Most are peer-reviewed studies on thymosin beta-4 or its fragment; where a finding used full-length thymosin beta-4 rather than the seven-mer, the body copy says so at the point of use. The regulatory entries are FDA pages, kept separate so the access facts behind the TB-500 legal status and 503A access page are traceable to authoritative sources. This is the TB-500 references register — a reading list, not a clinical document. Where a paper sits behind a paywall, the DOI and PubMed identifier still resolve to the abstract and the citation of record.

  1. Irobi E, Aguda AH, Larsson M, et al. Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. EMBO J. 2004;23(18):3599-3608. ↗
  2. Bock-Marquette I, Saxena A, White MD, et al. Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature. 2004;432(7016):466-472. ↗
  3. Malinda KM, Sidhu GS, Mani H, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113(3):364-368. ↗
  4. Morris DC, Chopp M, Zhang L, et al. A dose-response study of thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2014;345(1-2):61-67. ↗
  5. Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. ↗
  6. Ruff D, Crockford D, Girardi G, Zhang Y. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin β4 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:223-229. ↗
  7. Grant DS, Kinsella JL, Kibbey MC, et al. Thymosin beta4 and angiogenesis: modes of action and therapeutic potential. Angiogenesis. 2007;10(2):137-145. ↗
  8. Jo JO, Kang YJ, Ock MS, et al. Thymosin β4 induces the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α-dependent manner. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010;1803(11):1244-1251. ↗
  9. Chen Y, Yang S, Yu W, et al. Thymosin β4 released from functionalized self-assembling peptide activates cardiac cells and promotes cardiac repair. Theranostics. 2021;11(9):4262-4280. ↗
  10. Guarnera G, DeRosa A, Camerini R. Thymosin beta-4 and venous ulcers: clinical remarks on a European prospective, randomized study of safety, tolerability, and enhancement of healing. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1112:407-412. ↗
  11. Kim S, Kwon J. Thymosin beta 4 improves dermal burn wound healing via downregulation of receptor for advanced glycation end products in db/db mice. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014;1840(12):3452-3459. ↗
  12. Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4: actin-sequestering protein moonlights to repair injured tissues. Trends Mol Med. 2005;11(9):421-429. ↗
  13. Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. ↗
  14. Zhang Y, et al. Tβ4-exosome-loaded hemostatic and antibacterial hydrogel to improve vascularized wound repair. Mater Today Bio. 2025;31:101585. ↗
  15. Stark C, Taimen P, Tarkia M, et al. Systemic Dosing of Thymosin Beta 4 before and after Ischemia Does Not Attenuate Global Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Pigs. Front Pharmacol. 2016;7:115. ↗
  16. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks. (List entry: 'Thymosin beta-4, fragment (LKKTETQ), also known as TB-500'; effective 2023-09-29.) ↗
  17. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act. ↗
  18. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee. (Published agenda listing 'TB-500 (free base)' / 'TB-500 acetate', BPC-157, KPV, and MOTs-C as bulk drug substances being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List.) ↗
  19. Note on unconfirmed reports: commercial and clinic sources reporting an early-2026 reclassification of Category 2 peptides toward Category 1, or specific 2026 dates on which TB-500 was 'removed' from Category 2, could not be confirmed from an authoritative FDA source as of 2026-05-29 and are not treated here as completed FDA action. The current category is stated as Category 2, the last FDA action confirmable from FDA.gov. ↗